Why is DNSSEC needed?
To understand DNSSEC and its benefits, it is worth taking a look at the basics of email communication: every time you send an email or visit a website, a query is made in the background. The reason for this is that whilst your device knows the name of the destination – such as mailbox.org – it does not know its technical address, which consists of a sequence of numbers. To find out this sequence of numbers, your device sends a query to a directory known as the Domain Name System (DNS).
This information forms the basis for everything that follows, as it is only with this that it is established which server your device is actually communicating with. However, DNS was designed at a time when trust in the internet was taken for granted. A response therefore carries no proof of who it actually originates from.
So anyone who intercepts the request can return a false address without your device having any way of detecting this. As a result, it would establish a connection to the wrong destination and your message would end up on a third-party server without you or your programme realising it.
What is DNSSEC?
DNSSEC stands for Domain Name System Security Extensions and closes the vulnerability described above. The idea behind it is a kind of digital seal. In the context of the example mailbox.org, this means: every response from our directory is cryptographically signed, much like a seal on a letter. Your device checks this seal before it uses the response. If it is intact, it is certain that the information actually comes from mailbox and that the seal has not been tampered with by anyone en route. If, on the other hand, it has been tampered with, the response is discarded and the connection is not established in the first place.
Nor can this seal be easily forged. It forms part of a chain that extends all the way back to the top level: the DNS root verifies the .org suffix, which in turn verifies our domain. Our domain, in turn, verifies the individual entries. In this way, each link vouches for the next.